Efecto del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la prevalencia de la enfermedad hepática esteatósica asociada a disfunción metabólica / Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Introducción. La enfermedad hepática esteatósica asociada a disfunción metabólica (MASLD) es una condición clínica frecuente, relacionada con el sobrepeso, la dislipidemia y la diabetes. Como estos factores de riesgo están a su vez asociados al sedentarismo y la ganancia de peso, se esperaría un impacto como resultado del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la prevalencia de dicha condición. Metodología. Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo en un panel de datos de 132 pacientes de 2017 a 2022, en donde fueron incluidos pacientes con una ecografía hepática y una valoración médica y paraclínica 1,5 años antes y después del periodo de confinamiento (25 de marzo de 2020 a 28 de febrero de 2021). El desenlace primario fue un cambio significativo en la prevalencia de la MASLD, y se utilizó un modelo exploratorio de regresión logística de efectos fijos con panel de datos para hallar los predictores de cambio. Resultados. En un total de 132 pacientes analizados, la prevalencia global de la MASLD antes (31 %; IC95%: 23-39) y después (35,6 %; IC95%: 27,4-43,8) del confinamiento por COVID-19 no cambió significativamente, sin embargo, en las mujeres sí hubo un aumento significativo (RR: 4; IC95%: 1,0004-16). Se encontró una marcada diferencia de prevalencia entre sexos (17 % en mujeres y 46 % en hombres; p=0,001). El confinamiento se asoció a incrementos en la masa corporal (diferencia: +1 kg; IC95%: 0,1-1,9), el colesterol LDL (diferencia: +9,7 mg/dL; IC95%: 4,9-14,4) y al diagnóstico de prediabetes (RR: 2,1; IC95%: 1,4-3,1). La MASLD se asoció positivamente a la preferencia nutricional por la comida rápida (p=0,047). Solo el índice de masa corporal resultó predictor independiente de MASLD (RR: 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-1,93). Conclusión. La prevalencia global de la MASLD no varió después del confinamiento por COVID-19, pero sí se incrementó en mujeres, y algunos de sus factores de riesgo también aumentaron significativamente. Se encontró equivalencia numérica entre la MASLD y la definición previa de la enfermedad. Se requiere un estudio local más grande para desarrollar y validar un mejor modelo predictor del cambio de la MASLD a través del tiempo.

Introduction. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a common clinical condition, related to overweight, dyslipidemia and diabetes. As these risk factors are in turn associated with sedentary lifestyle and weight gain, an impact as a result of the COVID-19 confinement on the prevalence of MASLD would be expected. Methodology. Retrospective longitudinal study in a data panel of 132 patients from 2017 to 2022. Patients with a liver ultrasound and a medical and paraclinical assessment 1.5 years before and after the confinement period (March 25, 2020 to February 28, 2021) were included. The primary outcome was a significant change in the prevalence of MASLD, and an exploratory fixed-effects logistic regression model with panel data was used to find predictors of change. Results. In a total of 132 patients analyzed, the overall prevalence of MASLD before (31%, 95%CI: 23-39) and after (35.6%, 95%CI: 27.4-43.8) confinement by COVID-19 did not change significantly, however, in women there was a significant increase (RR: 4, 95%CI: 1.0004-16). A marked difference in prevalence was found between sexes (17% in women and 46% in men; p=0.001). Confinement was associated with increases in body mass (difference: +1 kg, 95%CI: 0.1-1.9), LDL cholesterol (difference: +9.7 mg/dL, 95%CI: 4.9-14.4) and the diagnosis of prediabetes (RR: 2.1, 95%CI: 1.4-3.1). MASLD was positively associated with nutritional preference for fast food (p=0.047). Only body mass index was an independent predictor of MASLD (RR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.07-1.93). Conclusion. The overall prevalence of MASLD did not change after the COVID-19 lockdown, but it did increase in women, and some of its risk factors also increased significantly. Numerical equivalence was found between MASLD and the previous definition of the disease. A larger local study is required to develop and validate a better predictor model of MASLD change over time.

Impact of pre-operative weight loss on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease histopathology and insulin resistance in individuals undergoing bariatric surgery: a propensity matched cross-sectional comparison

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The effect of weight loss (WL) on histopathological aspects of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may provide further insights into the dynamics of hepatic recovery after WL. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of pre-operative WL on insulin resistance- and NAFLD-related histology in individuals undergoing bariatric surgery (BS) with or without pre-operative WL. DESIGN AND SETTING: A matched cross-sectional study was conducted at a public university hospital and a private clinic in Campinas, Brazil. METHODS: An analytical, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted using prospectively collected databases of individuals who underwent BS and liver biopsy at either a public tertiary university hospital (with pre-operative WL) or a private clinic (without pre-operative WL). Random electronic matching by gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) was performed and two paired groups of 24 individuals each were selected. RESULTS: Of the 48 participants, 75% were female. The mean age was 37.4 ± 9.6. The mean BMI was 38.9 ± 2.6 kg/m2. Fibrosis was the most common histopathological abnormality (91.7%). Glucose was significantly lower in the WL group (92 ± 19.1 versus 111.8 ± 35.4 mg/dL; P = 0.02). Significantly lower frequencies of macrovesicular steatosis (58.3% versus 95.8%; P = 0.004), microvesicular steatosis (12.5% versus 87.5%; P < 0.001), and portal inflammation (50% versus 87.5%; P = 0.011) were observed in the WL group. CONCLUSION: Pre-operative WL was significantly associated with lower frequencies of macro- and mi- crovesicular steatosis, portal inflammation, and lower glycemia, indicating an association between the recent trajectory of body weight and histological aspects of NAFLD.

The mechanism of action of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / 临床肝胆病杂志

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） has gradually become the main reason affecting human liver health， and many factors are involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. Mitochondria， as the “energy factory” of cells， plays an important role in maintaining normal physiological functions. Studies have shown that hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction promotes the development and progression of NAFLD. This article briefly introduces the latest research advances in the basic characteristics and physiological function of liver mitochondria and reviews new research findings in the association of mitochondrial dysfunction with obesity， simple fatty liver disease， and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis， in order to provide new ideas for the research on targeted mitochondrial therapy for NAFLD.

Role of salidroside in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease： A study based on nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the protective effect of salidroside against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） and its mechanism of action. MethodsA total of 24 male KM mice were randomly divided into normal group， HFD group， HFD+blank control group， and HFD+salidroside group， with 6 mice in each group. The mice in the normal group were given normal diet， and those in the other groups were given high-fat diet. After 14 weeks of modeling， the mice were given salidroside 100 mg/kg/day by gavage， and related samples were collected at the end of week 22. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the serum levels of related biochemical parameters including alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， triglyceride （TG）， total cholesterol （TC）， high-density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）， and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）； HE staining and NAFLD activity score （NAS） were used to observe the liver histopathology of mice； Western blot was used to measure the changes in the expression of NAMPT， Sirt1， AMPKα， and SREBP1 in liver tissue. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the HFD group had obvious steatosis and extensive large lipid droplets in liver tissue， with significant increases in NAS score （P<0.01） and the content of AST， ALT， TG， TC， and LDL-C in peripheral blood （all P<0.05） and a significant reduction in the content of HDL-C （P<0.05）， as well as significant reductions in the expression levels of NAMPT， AMPKα， and Sirt1 in liver tissue （all P<0.05） and a significant increase in the expression level of SERBP1 （P<0.01）. Compared with the HFD group and the HFD+blank control group， the HFD+salidroside group had reductions in the distribution of vacuolar lipid droplets and intralobular inflammation in liver tissue， alleviation of the ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes， significant reductions in NAS score （P<0.01） and the content of AST， ALT， TG， and LDL-C in peripheral blood （all P<0.05）， and a significant increase in the content of HDL-C （P<0.05）， as well as significant increases in the expression levels of NAMPT， AMPKα， and Sirt1 in liver tissue （all P<0.05） and a significant reduction in the expression level of SERBP1 （P<0.01）. ConclusionSalidroside can significantly improve the pathological state of mice with NAFLD induced by high-fat diet and exert a protective effect against NAFLD by increasing the expression of NAMPT， Sirt1， and AMPKα and reducing the expression of SERBP1.

An excerpt of an international Delphi consensus statement on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and risk of chronic kidney disease （2023） / 临床肝胆病杂志

In 2020， an international expert panel proposed to replace nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with metabolic associated fatty liver disease （MAFLD）. Recent studies have shown that there is a higher risk of chronic kidney disease （CKD） in the MAFLD population and that MAFLD is an independent risk factor for CKD. However， up to now， there are still no guidelines on the prevention and treatment of MAFLD-related CKD. Based on the Delphi method， the authors led a multidisciplinary team of 50 authoritative experts from 26 countries to reach a consensus on some open-ended research issues about the association between MAFLD and CKD， which can help to clarify the important clinical association between MAFLD and the risk of CKD and improve the understanding of the epidemiology， pathogenesis， management， and treatment of MAFLD and CKD， so as to establish a framework for the early prevention and management of these two common and interrelated diseases.

Mechanism of Astragaloside Ⅳ on db/db Mice with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Based on AMPK Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the mechanism of astragaloside Ⅳ （AS Ⅳ） on db/db mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM） and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. MethodA total of 24 db/db mice were randomly divided into four groups： model group， metformin group， and low-dose and high-dose AS Ⅳ groups. Six C57 mice were used as the blank group. The low-dose and high-dose AS Ⅳ groups were given AS Ⅳ of 0.015 and 0.030 g·kg-1 by gavage， and the metformin group was given 0.067 g·kg-1 by gavage. The blank and model groups were given equal volumes of distilled water by gavage. After intragastric administration， fasting blood glucose （FBG） was detected， and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Serum lipid level and liver histopathology were detected. The target and enrichment pathway of AS Ⅳ for treating T2DM and NAFLD were predicted by network pharmacology， and the main enrichment pathway was verified by molecular biology techniques. The protein expressions of AMPK， p-AMPK， sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 （SREBP-1）， and fatty acid synthetase （FAS） in liver tissue were detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the blank group， the levels of body mass， liver weight coefficient， fasting blood glucose， serum total cholesterol， triglyceride， and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in mice treated with AS Ⅳ were decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The pathology of liver tissue showed significant improvement in lipid accumulation， and imaging results showed that the degree of fatty liver was reduced after AS Ⅳ therapy. Network pharmacological prediction results showed that vascular endothelial growth factor α （VEGFA）， galactoagglutinin 3 （LGALS3）， serine/threonine kinase B2 （Akt2）， RHO-associated coiled-coil protein kinase 1 （ROCK1）， serine/threonine kinase B1 （Akt1）， signaling and transcriptional activator protein （STAT3）， and messtimal epidermal transformation factor （MET） were key targets in "drug-disease" network. The results from the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） enrichment showed that the AMP-dependent protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway was strongly associated with T2DM and NAFLD. Western blot results showed that compared with the blank group， the expression levels of p-AMPK/AMPK in the model group were significantly down-regulated， while those of SREBP-1 and FAS proteins were significantly up-regulated （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the expression levels of p-AMPK/AMPK in the metformin group and high-dose AS Ⅳ group were significantly up-regulated， while those of SREBP-1 and FAS proteins were significantly down-regulated （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionAS Ⅳ regulates the expression of lipid proteins by activating the AMPK signaling pathway， thereby improving lipid metabolism.

Frequency of fibrosis in patients with incidentally detected hepatosteatosis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to elucidate fibrosis in patients who visited our outpatient clinic with complaints such as abdominal pain and dyspepsia and who had fatty liver by ultrasound imaging. METHODS: A total of 119 patients who were admitted to the gastroenterology outpatient clinic of our institution with incidentally detected hepatosteatosis on ultrasound imaging were included in the study. Patients with hepatosteatosis were examined for fibrosis with the FibroScan-502-touch (Echosens, Paris, France) elastic tissue ultrasonography device. The effects of these parameters on hepatosteatosis and possible fibrosis degree were investigated. RESULTS: No fibrosis was detected in 75 (63.02%) patients with hepatosteatosis on ultrasound imaging, 20 (10.05%) F1, 22 (18.48%) F2, 1 (0.8%) F3, and 0.1 (0.8%) F4. Accordingly, as the degree of steatosis increases in patients with incidentally detected hepatosteatosis, the degree and frequency of fibrosis increase with statistical significance (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between the alanine transaminase increase and the hepatosteatosis degree (p=0.028). The median value of gamma-glutamyltransferase was 15 U/L in S0, 18.5 U/L in S1, 22 U/L in S2, and 26 U/L in S3 (p<0.047). CONCLUSION: To date, no research exists on fibrosis in patients with incidental hepatosteatosis. The outcomes of this study elaborated that patients with hepatosteatosis in the community could be detected at least at an early stage by following up and diagnosing them with serum markers before they progress to end-stage fibrosis.

Zarzio Ameliorates Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Induced By a High Fat Diet in a Rat Experimental Model: A Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

SUMMARY: The therapeutic effect of a granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) biosimilar drug, zarzio, on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a rat model was investigated in this study. Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups. Groups I and II were fed a standard laboratory diet, whereas groups III and IV were fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 14 weeks. After 12 weeks of feeding, groups I and III were administered normal saline, and groups II and IV were intraperitoneally administered zarzio (200 mg/kg/day) for two consecutive weeks. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess hepatic and pancreatic morphology in all groups, oil red O (ORO) staining for lipid accumulation, Masson's staining for fibrosis, and immunohistochemistry assay for hepatic protein expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and pancreatic caspase-3. The NAFLD rats (group III) developed hepatic steatosis with increased lipid accumulation, perisinusoidal fibrosis, upregulated IRS1, TNF-α (all P<0.05) without a significant increase in Nrf2 protein expression compared with normal control. In comparison, model rats treated with zarzio (group IV) showed significant rejuvenation of the hepatic architecture, reduction of fat accumulation, and fibrosis. This was accompanied by the upregulation of Nrf2, downregulation of IRS1 and TNF-α protein expression (all P<0.05). No correlation was detected between NAFLD and non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD). However, the pancreatic β-cells in group III showed increased caspase-3 expression, which was decreased (P<0.05) in group IV. In conclusion, zarzio ameliorates NAFLD by improving the antioxidant capacity of liver cells, reducing hepatic IRS1, TNF-α protein expression and pancreatic β-cells apoptosis, suggesting that zarzio could be used as a potential therapy for NAFLD.

En este estudio se investigó el efecto terapéutico de un fármaco biosimilar del factor estimulante de colonias de granulocitos (G-CSF), zarzio, sobre la enfermedaddel hígado graso no alcohólico (NAFLD) en un modelo de rata. Treinta y dos ratas se dividieron aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos. Los grupos I y II fueron alimentados con una dieta estándar de laboratorio, mientras que los grupos III y IV fueron alimentados con una dieta alta en grasas (HFD) durante 14 semanas. Después de 12 semanas de alimentación, a los grupos I y III se les administró solución salina normal, y a los grupos II y IV se les administró zarzio por vía intraperitoneal (200 mg/kg/ día) durante dos semanas consecutivas. Se utilizó tinción de hematoxilina-eosina (H&E) para evaluar la morfología hepática y pancreática en todos los grupos, tinción con rojo aceite O (ORO) para la acumulación de lípidos, tinción de Masson para la fibrosis y ensayo de inmunohistoquímica para la expresión de la proteína hepática del sustrato 1 del receptor de insulina (IRS1), factor nuclear eritroide 2 relacionado con el factor 2 (Nrf2), factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α) y caspasa-3 pancreática. Las ratas NAFLD (grupo III) desarrollaron esteatosis hepática con aumento de la acumulación de lípidos, fibrosis perisinusoidal, IRS1 y TNF-α regulados positivamente (todos P <0,05) sin un aumento significativo en la expresión de la proteína Nrf2 en comparación con el control normal. En comparación, las ratas modelo tratadas con zarzio (grupo IV) mostraron un rejuvenecimiento significativo de la arquitectura hepática, una reducción de la acumulación de grasa y fibrosis. Esto estuvo acompañado por la regulación positiva de Nrf2, la regulación negativa de la expresión de la proteína IRS1 y TNF-α (todas P <0,05). No se detectó correlación entre NAFLD y la enfermedad del páncreas graso no alcohólico (NAFPD). Sin embargo, las células β pancreáticas en el grupo III mostraron una mayor expresión de caspasa-3, que disminuyó (P <0,05) en el grupo IV. En conclusión, zarzio mejora la NAFLD al mejorar la capacidad antioxidante de las células hepáticas, reduciendo el IRS1 hepático, la expresión de la proteína TNF-α y la apoptosis de las células β pancreáticas, lo que sugiere que zarzio podría usarse como una terapia potencial para la NAFLD.

Índices de fibrosis en el seguimiento de la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica / Fibrosis indices in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease follow-up

Introducción: La enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica es una afección clínica- morfológica que se caracteriza por una infiltración grasa del hígado en más de un 5 %; tiene dos estadios: esteatosis simple y esteatohepatitis, la cual puede progresar a: fibrosis, cirrosis y hepatocarcinoma. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre las variables clínicas y epidemiológicas con esta enfermedad, así como los índices de fibrosis y su relación. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con diseño transversal en los pacientes atendidos en la consulta de hígado y vías biliares del Hospital Universitario « Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau», en la etapa de enero- diciembre de 2017. Se trabajó con una población conformada por 60 pacientes, mayores o igual a 20 años de edad, con diagnóstico de enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica primaria, sobrepesos u obesos. Resultados: Predominó el grupo etario entre 50-59 años de edad, del sexo femenino, obesos y con esteatosis grado I. Se constató que el 73,33% de los pacientes tenían síndrome metabólico y en ellos prevaleció el grado II de esteatosis. Al relacionar los riesgos de fibrosis se encontraron 28 pacientes con riesgo indeterminado y alto en las clasificaciones FIB-4 y NFS, respectivamente, y 5 presentaron alto riesgo en ambas variables. Los índices de FIB-4 y NFS tuvieron una correlación significativa, directamente proporcional y considerable. Conclusiones: La correlación detectada entre los índices FIB-4 y NFS reafirmó el valor en la detección de sospecha de fibrosis y orientó, en la práctica clínica, la conducta ante los diferentes pacientes con esta afección.

Introduction: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a clinical and morphological condition characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver in more than 5%; it has two stages: simple steatosis and steatohepatitis, which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: to determine the relationship between clinical and epidemiological variables with this disease, as well as fibrosis indices and their relationship. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in patients seen in the liver and biliary tract consultation at " Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital from January to December 2017. We worked with a population made up of 60 overweight or obese patients older than or equal to 20 years who were diagnosed with primary non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Results: the age group between 50-59 years of age, female gender, obese ones and with grade I steatosis prevailed. We found that 73.33% of the patients had metabolic syndrome and grade II steatosis prevailed in them. A number of 28 patients were found with indeterminate and high risk in the FIB-4 and NAFLD classifications, respectively, when relating the risks of fibrosis, as well as 5 had high risk in both variables. The FIB-4 and NAFLD indices had a significant, directly proportional, and considerable correlation. Conclusions: the correlation detected between the FIB-4 and NAFLD indices reaffirmed the value in the detection of suspected fibrosis and guided, in clinical practice, the conduct of different patients with this condition.

Características clínico epidemiológicas de pacientes con enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico: Serie de casos / Clinical-epidemiologic characteristics of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Case series

Fundamento: El hígado graso no alcohólico es la enfermedad hepática por depósito de grasa en ausencia de un consumo significativo de alcohol. La mayoría de los pacientes tienen un nexo epidemiológico común asociado a factores de riesgo metabólico. Objetivo: Describir características clínico epidemiológicas de pacientes con enfermedad por hígado graso no alcohólico. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos en la consulta de Gastroenterología del Hospital General Provincial "Camilo Cienfuegos" de Sancti Spíritus, durante el período 6 de mayo de 2019 al 6 de mayo de 2020. Se consideró un total de 1167 pacientes pertenecientes a la provincia Sancti Spíritus; a 346 pacientes se le diagnosticó esteatosis hepática por ultrasonido; la muestra se conformó por 114 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes con la enfermedad eran sintomáticos, hombres y tenían comorbilidad como la hipertensión arterial y obesidad, el índice de masa corporal y el índice de cintura abdominal/cadera estaban elevados en el sexo femenino, las alteraciones en la química sanguínea fueron colesterol y triacilglicéridos. Conclusiones: Predominó en el sexo masculino y la comorbilidad con la HTA y la obesidad, y la dislipidemia, además los hábitos alimenticios inadecuados y el sedentarismo; las medidas antropométricas resultaron elevadas en el sexo femenino.

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a resulting from fat accumulation in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. Most patients have a common epidemiologic link associated with metabolic risk factors. Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Methodology: A descriptive study of a series of cases was carried out in the Gastroenterology consultation of the "Camilo Cienfuegos" Provincial General Hospital of Sancti Spíritus, during the period from May 6, 2019 through May 6, 2020. A total of 1167 patients belonging to the province of Sancti Spiritus were included in the study; 346 patients were diagnosed with hepatic steatosis by means of ultrasound; the sample consisted of 114 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Results: Most patients with the disease were symptomatic, men, and had comorbidities including hypertension and obesity, the body mass index and the waist-to-hip ratio of the abdomen were increased in women., the blood chemistry changes were cholesterol and triacylglycerides. Conclusions: It predominated in the male sex and comorbidity with HBP and obesity and dyslipidemia, in addition to inadequate dietary habits and sedentary lifestyle; in women, the anthropometric measurements were high.

Marcadores humorales y estudio ultrasonográfico en pacientes diabéticos con enfermedad hepática por acumulación de grasa / Humoral markers and ultrasonographic study in diabetic patients with liver disease due to fat accumulation

Introducción: La enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica se caracteriza por: una acumulación de grasa en el hígado en forma de triacilglicéridos, ausencia de inflamación, fibrosis y un consumo de menos de 30 grados de alcohol al día. Esta afección se asocia a la diabetes mellitus (sobre todo tipo 2), y se observa un creciente aumento en el número de consultas hospitalarias por esta causa. Objetivo: Determinar la relación de los marcadores humorales y el estudio ultrasonográfico en pacientes diabéticos con enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal en la Consulta Provincial de Hepatología del Hospital Universitario Clínico-Quirúrgico «Arnaldo Milián Castro», en el período de marzo 2019 a diciembre 2020. El universo de estudio estuvo conformado por 89 pacientes (con edades mayores o iguales a 19 años, de ambos sexos); la muestra estuvo constituida por 66 pacientes que fueron seleccionados por muestreo no probabilístico. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes con edades entre 40 y 59 años, masculinos, de piel blanca, y procedencia urbana. El grado de esteatosis predominante fue el grado 1 (leve). Los marcadores humorales (glicemia, gamma glutamil transpeptidasa, albúmina e índice de Ritis) fueron los más afectados patológicamente. Conclusiones: Los estudios ultrasonográficos mostraron una asociación estadísticamente significativa con alteración de los marcadores humorales de lesión hepática, lo cual puede alertar de una posible evolución desfavorable de esta enfermedad.

Introduction: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by an accumulation of fat in the liver in the form of triacylglycerides, absence of inflammation, fibrosis and a consumption of less than 30 degrees of alcohol per day. This condition is associated with diabetes mellitus (especially type 2), and there is a growing increase in the number of hospital visits for this cause. Objective: to determine the relationship between humoral markers and ultrasonographic study in diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional investigation was carried out in the provincial hepatology consultation at "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Clinical and Surgical University Hospital from March 2019 to December 2020. The study universe consisted of 89 patients (older than or equal to 19 years, of both genders); the sample consisted of 66 patients who were selected by non-probabilistic sampling. Results: white male patients aged between 40 and 59 years living in urban areas predominated. The predominant degree of steatosis was grade 1 (mild). Humoral markers (glycemia, gamma- glutamyl transpeptidase, albumin and De Ritis ratio) were the most pathologically affected. Conclusions: ultrasonographic studies showed a statistically significant association with changes in humoral markers of liver injury, which may alert to a possible unfavorable evolution of this disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents with phenylketonuria

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to investigate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurrence and factors associated with the disease in phenylketonuria (PKU) patients undergoing exclusive dietary treatment. Method: This cross-sectional study included 101 adolescents 10 to < 20 years of age with PKU, who were undergoing exclusive dietary treatment and monitored since early diagnosis at a single reference service. Anthropometric and biochemical assessments were performed and food intake was documented, and an ultrasound diagnosis of NAFLD was established. Data were evaluated using the Student's t-test for continuous variables, the chi-square for categorical variables, and logistic regression using the Wald chi-squared test; differences with p < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: NAFLD was detected in 26 (25.7%) teenagers. There was no difference in prevalence between the sexes or nutritional status. The final logistic regression model revealed low sensitivity (26.1%) and high specificity (94.7%). The specificity suggested a lower likelihood of NAFLD in older adolescents, in the presence of normal or high levels of alkaline phosphatase, lower carbohydrate intake, and adequate protein and lipid intake. Conclusions: The prevalence of NAFLD in adolescents with PKU was higher than that found in healthy Brazilian adolescents and similar to that found in obese Brazilian children, suggesting a higher risk for NAFLD in patients with PKU treated exclusively by dietary modification.

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF NON–ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN LEAN INDIVIDUALS: A HOSPITAL BASED STUDY.

Introduction: According to epidemiological studies, NAFLD affects 9% to 53% of India's general population, with a higher frequency among those who are overweight or obese, those who have diabetes, or those who have prediabetes. There is emerging evidence of NAFLD occurring in lean or normal weight individuals. Studies show that between 5 and 34% of lean people have NAFLD. The highest prevalence rates, which were above 30%, were seen in India. Furthermore, Asian men who are slender, healthy, and active have insulin resistance prevalence that is three to four times higher than that of men in the rest of the world. Aim: To access the prevalence and risk factors of NAFLD among lean individuals attending Gauhati Medical College & Hospital with diagnosed Fatty Liver Disease. Materials and methods: A Hospital based Cross sectional study was done. The Gastroenterology department was used to choose the study participants using a purposive sampling method. The sample was made up of all patients with fatty liver disease who visited the gastroenterology outpatient department. The study found that the prevalence of NAFLD in lean individuals is Result: 16.9%. Females are at higher risk (P=0.0313 OR: 0.08316) of developing NAFLD in lean patients. Diabetes (P=0.0260 OR: 3.667) and Hypertension (P=0.0149 OR: 4.189) are significant risk factors. Altered bilirubin levels (P=0.0035 OR: 5.829), lipid profile (P=0.0013 OR: 7.367) and AST/ALT (P=0.0166 OR: 4.321) levels is also associated with NAFLD in lean individuals. NAFLD affects 16.9% of lean Conclusion: people with a BMI under 23. Among the lean population, women have a higher chance of getting NAFLD than men. In the study population, important risk factors for NAFLD include diabetes and hypertension. Patients with NAFLD (BMI <23) are more likely to have abnormal lipid profiles, AST/ALT values and bilirubin levels than non-NAFLD fatty liver patients with BMI <23.

Polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 e o consumo de carne vermelha aumentam o risco de fibrose em pacientes com DHGNA comprovado por biópsia em acompanhamento médico em um centro terciário no Sudoeste do Brasil / Pnpla3 gene polymorphism and red meat consumption increased fibrosis risk in nash biopsy-proven patients under medical follow-up in a tertiary center in southwest brazil

ABSTRACT Background: Recent studies show an increase in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in populations with higher consumption of red meat, processed and cooked at high temperatures. On the other hand, the single nucleotide polymorphism rs738409 in the Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene has been implicated in susceptibility to NAFLD and liver fibrosis. However, the synergistic effect between red meat consumption and the PNPLA3 gene polymorphism in NAFLD has not yet been evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the association between the presence of the polymorphism in the PNPLA3 gene and the consumption of macronutrients, including meat consumption and its cooking method among NAFLD patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 91 patients diagnosed with NAFLD by liver biopsy with genotyping for the polymorphism in the PNPLA3 gene were included. The consumption of calories and macronutrients was verified using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the specific questionnaire on meat consumption. PNPLA3 gene polymorphism was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and anthropometric evaluation was realized. Results: The mean BMI was 32.38±4.58 kg/m² and the waist circumference was 107±10 cm. On liver biopsy, 42% of patients had significant fibrosis (F≥2). The odds ratio of F≥2 was 2.12 for the GG group and 1.54 for the CG group, compared to the CC group. The mean caloric intake was 1170±463.20 kcal/d. The odds ratio in the CC group concerning high red meat consumption in comparison to low consumption was 1.33. For white meat, the odds ratio was 0.8 when comparing high and low intake, also in the CC group. Conclusion: High red meat intake and PNPLA3 gene polymorphism seem to synergistically affect NAFLD and liver fibrosis, requiring confirmation in a larger number of patients and in different populations.

RESUMO Contexto: Estudos recentes mostram um aumento da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) em populações com maior consumo de carne vermelha, processada e cozida em altas temperaturas. Por outro lado, o polimorfismo rs738409 no gene Patatin-like fosfolipase contendo 3 (PNPLA3) tem sido implicado na suscetibilidade à DHGNA e fibrose hepática. No entanto, o efeito sinérgico entre o consumo de carne vermelha e o polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 na DHGNA ainda não foi avaliado. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a presença do polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 e o consumo de macronutrientes, incluindo o consumo de carne e seu modo de cozimento em pacientes com DHGNA. Métodos: Realizamos um estudo transversal com 91 pacientes diagnosticados com DHGNA por biópsia hepática e genotipados para o polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3. O consumo de calorias e macronutrientes foi verificado por meio do questionário de frequência alimentar semi-quantitativo (QFA) e do questionário específico sobre consumo de carnes. O polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 foi analisado por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR) e a avaliação antropométrica foi realizada. Resultados: O índice de massa corporal médio foi de 32,38±4,58 kg/m² e a circunferência da cintura foi de 107±10 cm. Na biópsia hepática, 42% dos pacientes apresentavam fibrose significativa (F≥2). O odds ratio de F≥2 foi de 2,12 para o grupo GG e 1,54 para o grupo GC, comparado ao grupo CC. A ingestão calórica média foi de 1.170±463,20 kcal/d. O odds ratio para alto consumo de carne vermelha no grupo CC em comparação ao baixo consumo foi de 1,33. Para a carne branca, este valor foi de 0,8 ao comparar o alto e o baixo consumo, também no grupo CC. Conclusão: A alta ingestão de carne vermelha e o polimorfismo no gene PNPLA3 parecem afetar sinergicamente a DHGNA e a fibrose hepática, necessitando de confirmação em maior número de pacientes e em diferentes populações.

Liver steatosis as a predictor of incident diabetes in adults: a prospective evaluation in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) / Esteatose hepática como preditor de diabetes incidente em adultos: avaliação prospectiva no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) / Esteatosis hepática como predictor de diabetes incidente en adultos: evaluación prospectiva en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes, and that NAFLD may precede and/or promote the development of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate whether liver steatosis is associated with the incidence of diabetes in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). The ELSA-Brasil is an occupational cohort study of active or retired civil servants, aged 35-74 years, in six capital cities in Brazil. We excluded participants with diabetes at baseline, those who reported excessive alcohol consumption or with missing information on relevant covariates, and those with self-referred hepatitis or cirrhosis. In total, 8,166 individuals participated, and the mean duration of follow-up was 3.8 years. The Cox proportional regression model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the associations. Abdominal ultrasonography was used to detect liver steatosis. In the follow-up period, the cumulative incidence of diabetes was 5.25% in the whole sample, 7.83% and 3.88% in the groups with and without hepatic steatosis, respectively (p < 0.001). Compared to those without steatosis, individuals with hepatic steatosis had an increased risk of developing diabetes (HR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.09-1.56) after adjustment for potential confounders, including body mass index (BMI). Hepatic steatosis was an independent predictor of incident diabetes in the ELSA-Brasil cohort study. Physicians should encourage changes in lifestyle and screen for diabetes in patients with fatty liver.

Evidências epidemiológicas crescentes sugerem uma relação bidirecional entre a doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) e o diabetes tipo 2 e que a DHGNA pode preceder e/ou promover o desenvolvimento de diabetes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a esteatose hepática está associada à incidência de diabetes no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). O ELSA-Brasil é um estudo de coorte ocupacional com servidores públicos ativos ou aposentados, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, de seis capitais do Brasil. Foram excluídos os participantes com diabetes no início do estudo, aqueles que relataram consumo excessivo de álcool ou com falta de informações sobre covariáveis relevantes e indivíduos com hepatite ou cirrose autorreferida. No total, 8.166 indivíduos participaram e o tempo médio de seguimento foi de 3,8 anos. O modelo de regressão proporcional de Cox foi utilizado para estimar a razão de risco (HR) ajustada para as associações. A ultrassonografia abdominal foi utilizada para detectar esteatose hepática. No período de seguimento, a incidência cumulativa de diabetes foi de 5,25% em todo o grupo de participantes e de 7,83% e 3,88% nos grupos com e sem esteatose hepática, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Em comparação com aqueles sem esteatose, os indivíduos com esteatose hepática apresentaram um risco elevado de desenvolver diabetes (HR = 1,31; IC95%: 1,09-1,56) após o ajuste para potenciais fatores de confusão, incluindo o índice de massa corporal (IMC). A esteatose hepática foi um preditor independente de diabetes incidente no ELSA-Brasil. Os médicos devem incentivar mudanças no estilo de vida e a triagem para diabetes para pacientes com fígado gorduroso.

La creciente evidencia epidemiológica sugiere una relación bidireccional entre la enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólica (EHGNA) y la diabetes tipo 2 y que la EHGNA puede preceder y/o desarrollar la diabetes. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la esteatosis hepática está asociada con la incidencia de diabetes en el Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). ELSA-Brasil es un estudio de cohorte ocupacional, realizado con funcionarios públicos activos o jubilados, con edades entre 35 y 74 años, de seis capitales en Brasil. Se excluyeron a los participantes con diabetes al inicio del estudio, aquellos que informaron consumir excesivamente alcohol o que carecían de información sobre las covariables relevantes, y los individuos con hepatitis o cirrosis autorreportada. En total participaron 8.166 sujetos, y el tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 3,8 años. Se utilizó el modelo de regresión proporcional de Cox para estimar la razón de riesgo ajustada (HR) en las asociaciones. Se realizó ecografía abdominal para detectar esteatosis hepática. En el periodo de seguimiento, el grupo de participantes tuvo incidencia acumulada de diabetes del 5,25%, y en los grupos con y sin esteatosis hepática fueron del 7,83% y el 3,88%, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Los individuos con enfermedad de hígado graso tuvieron mayor riesgo de desarrollar diabetes (HR = 1,31; IC95%: 1,09-1,56) después de ajustar los posibles factores de confusión, incluido el índice de masa corporal (IMC), en comparación con aquellos sin esteatosis. La esteatosis hepática fue un predictor independiente de diabetes incidente en ELSA-Brasil. Los médicos deben alentar cambios en el estilo de vida y la detección de diabetes a los pacientes con hígado graso.

Is Helicobacter pylori infection associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals undergoing bariatric surgery? Cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: A possible direct link between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has recently emerged. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze associations between the presence of histologically demonstrated NAFLD aspects with H. pylori infection in individuals with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. DESIGN AND SETTING: An observational analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on data collected from the medical records of individuals undergoing bariatric surgery at a tertiary university hospital in 2019. METHODS: NAFLD was assessed through histological examination of wedge liver biopsies collected during the proceedings. H. pylori infection was analyzed through the association of the urease test and histological examination performed in biopsies routinely collected during preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy. RESULTS: Of the 88 participants, 85% were female, and the average age was 39.1 ± 8.4 years. H. pylori infection was present in 61.4% of the patients. The mean body mass index was 36.6 ± 3.4 kg/m2. The most prevalent histopathological aspects of NAFLD were macrovesicular steatosis (92%), hepatocellular ballooning (92%), lobular inflammation (93.2%), portal inflammation (96.6%), and fibrosis (93.2%). No histopathological aspect of NAFLD was found to be significantly associated with H. pylori infection. CONCLUSION: In this study population, H. pylori infection was not significantly associated with the histopathological aspects of NAFLD in individuals with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery.

The value of shear wave elastography in quantitative evaluation of carotid elasticity in type 2 diabetes patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To analyze the value of shear wave elastography (SWE) in evaluating carotid artery elasticity in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods:A total of 98 T2DM patients diagnosed in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University were selected and divided into three groups according to the results of liver ultrasound examination. 35 patients without NAFLD were in group A, 33 patients with mild NAFLD were in group B, and 30 patients with moderate to severe NAFLD were in group C. All selected individuals showed no plaque formation on carotid ultrasound examination. Left carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid artery systolic diameter (Ds), carotid artery diastolic diameter (Dd), and peak systolic velocity (PSV) were measured using conventional two-dimensional and M-mode ultrasound. The stiffness coefficient (β) was obtained through calculation. SWE was used to measure the mean longitudinal modulus of elasticity (MEmean), mean minimum modulus of elasticity (MEmin), and mean maximum modulus of elasticity (MEmax) of the left carotid artery at the end of diastole.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in Ds, Dd, and PSV among the three groups (all P>0.05). Compared with group A and group B, group C had significantly higher IMT, β, MEmean, MEmax, and MEmin (all P<0.05). Compared with the group A, the group B had higher levels of MEmean, MEmax, and MEmin (all P<0.05), there was no statistically significant difference in IMT and β between the groups (all P>0.05). Correlation analysis showed that MEmax, MEmean, and MEmin in each group were positively correlated with β ( r=0.537, 0.543, 0.525, P<0.01), and also positively correlated with HbA 1c ( r=0.456, 0.483, 0.438, P<0.01), but not with IMT (all P>0.05). The intra observer Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of MEmax, MEmean and MEmin measured by SWE was 0.847-0.887, and the inter observer ICC was 0.791-0.934, indicating a good repeatability. Conclusions:SWE can quantitatively evaluate the elasticity of the carotid artery in patients with T2DM and NAFLD.

Effects of low-carbohydrate diet versus low-fat diet on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective:To compare the effects of low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) and low-fat diet (LFD) in the lifestyle intervention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Methods:PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, CNKI and Wanfang were searched for relevant studies and study references and conference proceedings were manually searched. Two authors independently screened the items retrieved, extracted the data and assessed the quality of included studies. Meta-analysis was performed using R4.4.1 and RevMan5.4.1. Data were pooled using random-effects models and potential sources of heterogeneity were investigated using stratified meta-analysis. Funnel plots and Peters' test were used to assess publication bias.Results:Nine studies with a total of 510 participants met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis results showed that LCD and LFD interventions had similar effects on the reduction of intrahepatic lipid content in NAFLD patients ( SMD: -0.31,95% CI: 0.97 to 0.35, P = 0.36). There were no significant differences in changes of alanine aminotransferase ( SMD: -0.25, 95%CI: 0.91 to 0.41, P = 0.45) and aspartate aminotransferase ( SMD: -0.45, 95%CI: 1.63 to 0.72, P = 0.45) levels, either. Subgroup analyses implied that the duration of different interventions might be the cause of heterogeneity across studies. No significant publication bias was showed in the meta-analysis. Conclusion:Current evidence from randomized controlled studies does not support the superiority of LCD over LFD in the treatment of NAFLD.

Association of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the association of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) level with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes.Methods:The clinical data of 100 patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes who were admitted to Beijing Chaoyang Diabetes Hospital from June 2008 to June 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into a NAFLD group and a non-NAFLD group, with 50 patients in each group, according to the presence or absence of NAFLD. Clinical data, biochemical indices [blood lipids, blood glucose, liver function, uric acid, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein], and glycosylated hemoglobin were collected. Body mass index and non-HDL-C levels were recorded. The association of non-HDL-C level with NAFLD in patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes was analyzed using logistic regression analysis. The predictive value and optimal cut-off point of non-HDL-C for early-onset T2 diabetes complicated by NAFLD were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve.Results:Body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure in the NAFLD group were (28.55 ± 3.47) kg/m 2, (0.94 ± 0.05), (121.00 ± 10.25) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa), and (80.00 ± 8.51) mmHg respectively, which were significantly higher than (23.95 ± 2.87) kg/m 2, (0.90 ± 0.07), (115.20 ± 13.36) mmHg, and (73.70 ± 7.75) mmHg in the non-NAFLD group ( t = -7.23, -3.11, -2.44, -3.87, all P < 0.05). Non-HDL-C, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, uric acid, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in the NAFLD group were (4.88 ± 3.01) mmol/L, (6.33 ± 3.23) mmol/L, (4.50 ± 6.03) mmol/L, (3.27 ± 1.26) mmol/L, (39.80 ± 23.58) U/L, (27.72 ± 13.83) U/L, (52.96 ± 46.16) U/L, (350.32 ± 102.12) μmol/L, (1.26 ± 0.88) mg/L, and (9.3 ± 2.5)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than (3.35 ± 1.03) mmol/L, (4.81±1.24) mmol/L, (1.87 ± 2.29) mmol/L, (2.70 ± 0.71) mmol/L, (23.76 ± 13.45) U/L, (21.98 ± 10.13) U/L, (35.24 ± 35.41) U/L, (296.04 ± 88.26) μmol/L, (0.22 ± 1.54) mg/L, (8.2 ± 2.7)% in the non-NAFLD group ( t = -3.40, -3.11, -2.88, -2.81, -4.18, -2.36, -2.14, -2.85, -4.12, -2.08, all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the increase in non-HDL-C level was an independent risk factor for T2 diabetes mellitus complicated by NAFLD ( OR = 3.064, 95% CI: 1.604-5.852, P = 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis results showed that the optimal cut-off point, sensitivity, and specificity of non-HDL-C level to predict NAFLD were 3.60 mmol/L, 0.700, and 0.620 respectively. Conclusion:An increase in non-HDL-C level is an independent risk factor for NAFLD complicated by early-onset type 2 diabetes When non-HDL-C is > 3.60 mmol/L, NAFLD can be predicted.

Research progress of palmitoylation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and related liver diseases / 中国药科大学学报

@#Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a major public health hazard threatening human health worldwide.Yet, due to its complex pathogenesis, new drug development is difficult, with still insufficient clinical medication.Palmitoylation is a universal posttranslational modification of proteins catalyzed by palmitoyltransferase, affecting their stability, membrane localization and function.Recent studies have shown that palmitoylation is closely associated with NAFLD.This review summarizes the mechanisms of palmitoylation in NAFLD and analyzes the expression levels of the palmitoyltransferase family in liver tissues of NAFLD patients from GEO database, aiming to provide important clues to explore new mechanisms for NAFLD.